Venomous Snakebite – a New Study, and my own Experiences
Jan 17th
Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. As a career herpetologist, I’ve had several opportunities to study venomous snakes in the field, and have spoken with many people who live in areas where they are common. My experiences led me to believe that venomous snakebite is a far more serious problem than is typically reported. Recently, two important studies have established that at least 4.5 million people are bitten annually – 1.5 million in Sub-Saharan Africa alone. Yet snakebite was only recently included on the World Health Organization’s list of Neglected Tropical Conditions, and in many countries few victims receive appropriate treatment.
Africa
The most intensive study to date, published in the journal Toxicon (V.57, N.4; see abstract below), reviewed 40 years’ worth of African medical reports and surveys. The authors concluded that at least 1.5 million people, 95% of whom live in rural regions, are bitten in Sub-Saharan Africa annually. At least 7,000 people die as a result, and up to 14,000 require limb amputations. Antivenin, the most effective snakebite treatment, is administered to only 10% of those bitten in Africa. More >
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Loading ...A Sub-Surface Basking Site and Shelter for Semi-Aquatic for Turtles, Newts and Frogs
Jan 10th
Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. I’ve found the Penn Plax Turtle Pier to be one of the most useful of all basking platforms. In addition to providing a haul-out site that does not take away from the swimming area, it can be used by reptiles and amphibians in a variety of other ways. Today I’d like to describe two “fine points” that are sometimes over-looked when semi-aquatic terrariums are designed.
Sub-Surface Resting and Basking Spots
Many semi-aquatic turtles do not often fully emerge from the water, but rather rely upon resting sites that are just below the surface. Included among these are Mud, Musk, Snapping and Chinese Big-Headed Turtles. In the wild, these turtles, as well as Green Frogs, Ribbed Newts and many other amphibians, rest upon submerged logs, branches and rocks that almost, but not quite, reach the water’s surface. From such locations, they can watch for predators and prey and, possibly, obtain some UVB exposure (UVB rays do not penetrate very far into water). In aquariums, driftwood is also useful in this regard…please see the article below. More >
(No Ratings Yet) Loading ...Chameleons as Pets – an Overview of their Natural History and Captive Care
Jan 10th
Chameleons, the most unique of all lizards, are truly marvelous creatures to know and care for. In the past, I’ve written about Veiled, Dwarf and Senegal Chameleons, and related topics (please see articles below). Today I’d like to discuss some general principals of chameleon care.
The following information can be applied to most available Chameleons; however, details will vary. Please write in for specific information on individual species.
Natural History
To date, 186 Chameleon species have been described (Family Chamaeleonidae). They range in size from the 1.5 inch-long Pygmy Leaf Chameleons (Rhampholeon spp.) to the Oustalet’s Chameleon (Furcifer oustaleti), which may top 30 inches in length.
Unique characteristics include a tongue that may exceed the animal’s length, mobile eyes, a “swaying” walk that mimics wind-ruffled leaves, joined toes that form grasping “hands”, a prehensile tail and remarkable color-changing abilities. Color changes are mainly used to communicate, but also serve as camouflage. More >
(-1 rating, 1 votes) Loading ...Newly Discovered Black and Yellow Viper is Already Endangered
Jan 4th
Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. A remote, mountainous forest in southwestern Tanzania is the only place where Matilda’s Horned Viper (Atheris matildae) resides. Described as a new species in the December, 2011 issue of Zootaxa, the boldly-colored, arboreal snake seems limited to 100 square miles of somewhat degraded habitat.
Natural History
Named for the daughter of one of the researchers who discovered it, Matilda’s Horned Viper is stoutly built, sports horn-like scales above the eyes and is highly-adapted to life above ground.
I’ve had the opportunity to work with several of its brightly colored relatives, but this did not prepare me for the new species’ amazing appearance; the effect of the black and yellow zigzag pattern is hard to describe (please see article below for additional photos). I’m not sure if these colors serve as a predator deterrent or as camouflage in sun-dappled forest clearings, but look forward to reading future reports on its natural history.
Bush Viper Diversity
The forests in which Matilda’s Horned Viper lives are separated from others by open grasslands, which effectively isolate the snake from related species. Genetic studies have revealed its closest relative to be the Usambura Bush Viper (Atheris ceratophora), from which it likely evolved some 2 million years ago.
An additional 16-17 Atheris species, commonly known as “Bush Vipers”, range throughout Sub-Saharan Africa (please see article below). With a single exception, they have prehensile tails and are highly-arboreal. Many are brilliantly-colored, and populations of a single species may vary greatly in appearance from others of their kind. Five species inhabit Tanzania, but their ranges do not overlap that of Matilda’s Horned Viper.
Endemics Galore
Tanzania is chock full of species found nowhere else on earth, known as endemics – 64 reptiles, 55 amphibians, 24 mammals, 108 freshwater fishes, 19 birds – and surveys are far from complete. Tarantula enthusiasts also know it as a country of unique, unstudied spiders. Please see the article below for a complete list of Tanzania’s endemic reptiles.
Conservation Strategies
Rare, beautiful snakes, even venomous ones, are worth a great deal of money. With this in mind, the exact location of the new species’ habitat is a closely-guarded secret, and a captive population has been established as a hedge against extinction.
In a surprising twist on traditional conservation techniques, researchers have announced that captive-born young, if produced, may be offered to collectors free-of-charge. It is hoped that this will deter the taking of wild individuals. Odd perhaps, but “desperate times require desperate measures” – after all, prohibitions on hunting rhinos and other valuable animals have proven largely ineffective in much of Africa.
CITES I and IUCN Critically Endangered designations have been proposed for Matilda’s Horned Viper as well.
Other New Vipers
2011 was a banner year for viper researchers, with several new species being described. Please see the article below for more on Ruby-Eyed Vipers and other surprising finds.
Please check out my posts on Twitter and Facebook. Each day, I highlight breaking research, conservation news and interesting stories concerning just about every type of animal imaginable. I look forward to hearing about your interests and experiences as well, and will use them in articles when possible.
Please also post your questions and comments below…I’ll be sure to respond quickly.
Thanks, until next time,
Frank Indiviglio
Further Reading
Abstract of article describing the new species
More photos of Matilda’s Horned Viper
Newly Discovered Yellow and Ruby-Eyed Vipers
Bush Vipers: species and ranges
Atheris ceratophora image referenced from wikipedia and originally posted by Al Cortiz
Matilda’s Viper image referenced from wikipedia and originally posted by Christine Dell’Amore
Ngorongoro Crater image referenced from wikipedia and originally posted by William Warby
(+1 rating, 1 votes) Loading ...World’s Smallest Frogs Added to 2011’s List of Newly-Discovered Amphibians
Jan 2nd
Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. Two frog species recently discovered in southeastern New Guinea are smaller than any other 4-legged vertebrate. Within their pea-sized bodies, they pack a brain, lungs, heart, digestive system and most of the other organs that people have…simply astounding!
Tiny Frogs and Fish
The frogs, Paedophryne dekot and P. verrucosa, were collected several years ago, but were only described as new species this year (please see ZooKeys article). Among all the world’s vertebrates, only a single fish, a Southeast Asian relative of the carp (see amazing photo here) is smaller – and the new frogs exceed it in size by only 0.1 mm! Another contender for the title, a leaf-litter frog from Cuba (please see photo of striped frog), is only a tiny bit larger. More >
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