Iodine Deficiency (Avian Goiter, Thyroid Hyperplasia) in Parrots, and Other Cage Birds
Causes and Symptoms
Avian goiter or thyroid hyperplasia is most commonly caused by an iodine poor diet. The afflicted bird’s thyroid gland cannot produce enough thyroxine, and the brain responds by signaling the gland to increase the number of thyroxine-synthesizing cells. These additional cells cause the thyroid gland (located in the throat) to enlarge, which is the main symptom of the condition. The resulting goiter may be accompanied by vomiting, lethargy and difficulty in swallowing. Eventually, pressure upon the circulatory system and other complications may lead to the bird’s death.
Seed vs. Pellet Based Diets
Seed-eating birds, especially budgerigars (parakeets), are particularly susceptible to thyroid hyperplasia. Seeds vary, among species and locality grown, in iodine content and hence a seed-based diet may be fine in some cases but iodine-deficient in others. The surest way to prevent an iodine deficiency is to wean your pet onto a pellet based diet, with seeds being used as a supplemental food. Lafeber, ZuPreem, Pretty Bird and our other pelleted foods have been formulated to meet the specific nutritional requirements of a variety of bird species, and provide complete, balanced diets.
Iodine Supplementation
If your bird will not accept pellets, you might consider adding a preventative medication, such as Gimborn Iodine Solution, to the diet. Budgerigars seem to have rather high iodine requirements, while other birds vary in this regard, so each case must be reviewed with your veterinarian on an individual basis.
Please write in if you are considering iodine supplementation, or have questions regarding pellet-based diets. Thanks, until next time, Frank.
A comprehensive bibliography of papers dealing with wild and pet bird nutrition, including iodine requirements in budgerigars, is posted at:
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/Birds/feed.htm
(No Ratings Yet)
Loading ...Related Posts:
about 2 years ago
Dear Frank,
I find the above quite fascinating.
I once read that a lady treated her African grey who had a feather plucking problem with sea salt. Initially i was horrified but seemingly this did the trick. I am now wondering if it was the Iodine in the sea salt that did the trick.
What do you think?
Yvonne MacMillan
Island Parrot Sanctuary
about 2 years ago
Hello Yvonne, Frank Indiviglio here.
Thanks for your interest in our blog. Interesting point…assuming the iodine is in a form that is usable by the bird, it may very well have helped.
During my early years at the Bronx Zoo, before there were so many standardized diets for different animals (today there are “moose pellets”, “marine turtle pellets”, etc.), we did quite a bit of experimentation when it came to certain creatures. I recall adding sea salt (and powdered instant breakfast, for protein!) to the mashed fruit that was fed to various South American bats. This was probably a recipe handed down from older animal keepers…the salt may have been included as a safety measure, for iodine.
Some bird food companies add sea salt into their products today, as an iodine source, but I have not come across any research directly on point.
Thanks again, please forward other thoughts and observations when you have a chance,
Best regards, Frank Indiviglio.
about 2 years ago
The style of writing is quite familiar to me. Have you written guest posts for other blogs?
about 2 years ago
Hi Frank.
Thank you for your reply.
I do think that sometimes too much is put on the psychological side of the Parrot species (albeit very important.)rather on the general health. I had a very popular Avian vet tell me once that he had a Cockatoo that had plucked a whole in its chest. Two skin grafts were attempted and initially worked until the collar was removed. Subsequently the bird died and on performing a necropsy he found that the birds was suffering from angina. I personally feed a mix of Tidy Mix which has powdered Kelp added and complete pellet, but I am sure we are missing a very important part to the Avian diet. I do not have the skills to research this and would love to find out more.
Thank you for your patience.
Yvonne
about 2 years ago
Hello Yvonne, Frank Indiviglio here.
Thanks for your kind words. You raise a very important point concerning the interplay of psychological/medical aspects in parrot care. Both are, as you say, important. I do agree that there is a tendency for people to emphasis the psychological when it comes to parrots…I have seen this in professional zookeepers and even curators dealing with parrots, marine mammals, primates and other social, intelligent and charismatic animals as well.
Both aspects need to be addressed, and each affects the other. Even where people are concerned, Western medicine has only in the past few decades begun to give more consideration to the non-medical aspects of disease treatment. We can now measure the output of hormones and other chemical messengers which are, for example, excreted during stress, and which compromise the immune system, so we know that mind and body both matter. The same applies to birds…more so where social, intelligent species are concerned. I often cite an example from my zoo years…birds which easily tolerate normal environmental levels of Aspergillosus can be rendered ill or even killed by the same levels of the fungi when stressed by, for example, a move to a new exhibit (many zoos now routinely pre-medicate birds in these situations).
That being said, a secure environment, proper social group etc. can only go so far – medical intervention is needed where appropriate; the key is finding that fine line.
As for general nutrition, you are certainly correct – there is much we need to learn, and many surprises await us. As a starting point, I always go back to sources that cite field observations – Forshaw’s classic Parrots of the World (TFH, 1997), for example. Unfortunately, direct observations of what parrots eat, seasonal variations, etc. are not easy to come by, and are given far less importance today than in years past… but such are well worth searching for.
Please be in touch if you need information in the future…I have access to people and journals which may be of use to you as regards difficult-to-find information.
Good luck, enjoy and best regards, Frank Indiviglio.
about 2 years ago
Thank you for your time and patience Frank
Yvonne