That Bird Blog – Bird Care and History for Pet Birds
Most aviculturists are aware that most parrot species face threats to their continued survival in the wild. However, I sometimes feel that the successes that we have had both in and out of captivity blinds us to the fact that a great many, including several that are well-established in the pet trade, are still declining in the wild.
Parrot Central
The region extending from New Zealand northwest through Australia to New Guinea and the islands of Indonesia is home to the world’s greatest diversity of parrots, with over one half of the known genera represented. Conservation efforts are most effective in Australia and New Zealand, but less in evidence in New Guinea and islands in the Southwest Pacific.
Threatened Species
Of the many parrot species in need of attention in the area, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) considers 20 to be threatened with. Particularly troublesome is the fact that almost half of these are listed as either “Endangered” or Critically Endangered”, including the New Caledonian, Kuhl’s and Ultramarine Lorikeets, the Night, Orange-bellied and Golden-shouldered Parrots, the Forbes’ and Orange-fronted Parakeets and the Kakapo.
Australia
Habitat Loss
Habitat loss and alteration is the gravest threats facing Australia’s parrots. The felling of old trees bearing suitable hollows for nesting is particularly serious, as many parrots have specific requirements as to the size, height and location of nesting hollows, and will not utilize alternatives. Especially hard hit have been Baudin’s, Carnaby’s and Mitchell’s Cockatoos, but most others are affected as well.
The loss of unique feeding habitats, especially lightly wooded grasslands, has severely impacted superb and swift parrot numbers. These fertile areas are scarce in Australia, and most have long been converted to agricultural use.
The spread of agriculture and the introduction of exotic plants has benefitted those parrots that have been able to adapt to new diets. Included among these are Galahs, Long-billed Corellas and Turquoise Parakeets. However, these species are thriving at the expense of others, and their unnaturally high numbers radically upset the normal species compositions of their habitats.
Livestock and Kangaroos
Centuries of intensive grazing by introduced domestic and feral animals such as rabbits, cattle, sheep, goats and camels has rendered natural plant and tree re-growth impossible in many regions. Populations of native kangaroos have skyrocketed in those places where permanent water holes have been established for livestock, adding to the overgrazing problem.
Fire
Certain parrots rely upon fire to spur the reproduction of food plants, while others inhabit stable environments that rarely experience natural fires. Human engineered fire use – burning off brush in some habitats while suppressing natural fires in others, threatens parrots in both categories. Night, Princess, Golden-shouldered and Orange-bellied Parrots have declined radically due to changes in fire frequency.
Islands of the Southwest Pacific
While logging is a grave concern on the Solomon Islands and elsewhere, introduced predators account for the greatest losses in this region. Five parrot species on New Zealand alone owe their threatened status to non-native predators such as Brush-tailed Possums, cats, black and Norway Rats, ferrets and stoats.
It often surprises those unfamiliar with the region that hunting is still a concern in New Guinea. The highly endangered palm cockatoo is a much valued food item in some areas, and Pesquet’s Parrots are frequently killed for their plumage.
Further Reading
You can learn what the IUCN is doing to help conserve parrots in the Southwest Pacific here.
Kakapo image referenced from wikipedia and originally posted by Mnolf
Cockatoo image referenced from wikipedia and originally posted by Snowmanradio
It appears that one of the world’s strangest and most endangered birds is benefiting by an equally unusual rescue plan. New Zealand’s kakapo breaks all sorts of “parrot rules”…it is nocturnal, flightless, utilizes a lek mating system (many males display before females in one location), eats leaves and grass and feeds fruit to its young. It is also the world’s heaviest parrot, and, with a population of only 90 individuals (up from 51 in 1995), the rarest. With a mean age of 90 years, it is among the longest-lived of all birds.