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Bird Extinctions on Guam – the effects of an introduced predator, the Brown Tree Snake, Boiga irregularis

Posted by: Frank Indiviglio in Bird Research or Recent News, Field Notes and Observations on Birds August 28, 2008 Comments Off on Bird Extinctions on Guam – the effects of an introduced predator, the Brown Tree Snake, Boiga irregularis 4332 Views

Bird extinctions, especially those on islands, are usually caused by introduced mammalian predators – most often cats and rats – and hunting. The sad story of the virtual disappearance of all birds from Guam is unique in that a reptile, the Brown Tree Snake, is at its root.

The Brown Tree Snake arrived on Guam in the late 1940’s as a stowaway (from the Admiralty Islands) in supplies used to repair the damages wrought by World War II. Finding a paradise of ample food and no predators, populations of this unusually adaptable snake soon exploded. Today 8 of Guam’s 12 forest dwelling bird species are extinct, 2 survive only in captivity or semi-captivity, and 2 are on the brink of extinction.

The Guam Rail, Gallirallus owstoni, became extinct in the wild in 1987. In 1984, while working at the Bronx Zoo, I received several pairs from a group held in captivity on Guam. They were aGuam Railmazingly aggressive little birds, and bred readily. Today they thrive in zoos and have been released onto Guam’s neighboring island, Rota. The Micronesian Kingfisher, Halcyon cinnamomina, also holds on in captivity but is gone from the wild. These have proven more difficult than the rails – those I worked with fed well but remained edgy and usually failed to breed. Captives that do reproduce often make poor parents, and hand rearing of the chicks is sometimes necessary.

The bird extinctions have wrecked havoc on the ecology of local forests. Nearly 70% of Guam’s trees rely upon birds for seed dispersal or to aid in germination by removing seed coats via the action of their digestive systems. Recent tests reveal that all seeds of most trees on Guam fall directly below the parent, where lack of sunlight and high levels of seed-predators condemns them to certain death.

Lacking birds, the snakes have now turned their attention to fruit bats, rodents, shrews and lizards, with catastrophic consequences – Guam’s endemic fruit bat and 5 lizards species are gone,Brown Tree Snake on Guam and introduced house mice and rats are the only rodents observed in recent years. People have been bitten while sleeping (it is theorized that the snakes strike at rapid eye movements – how’s that for a “rude awakening”!?) and bird owners sometimes find a stuffed snake in a cage that formerly held their pet.

The birds of mainland USA are not without problems – nearly 25% of our species are considered to be at risk, and the recent introduction of Burmese Pythons to south Florida does not bode well for birds there.

 

The Brown Tree Snake is considered a potential threat to Hawaii’s unique and already fragile bird populations as well. Read more about this story at:
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D61239F937A25754C0A964958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2

Guam Rail image is referenced from Wikipedia Commons at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Guam_rail.gif and originally posted by Sabine’s Sunbird

Brown Tree Snake Image is referenced from Wikipedia Commons at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Brown_tree_snake_Boiga_irregularis_USGS_Photograph.sized.jpg and was originally posted by Onionhound

About Frank Indiviglio

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I believe that I was born with an intense interest in animals, as neither I nor any of my family can recall a time when I was not fascinated by creatures large and small. One might imagine this to be an unfortunate set of circumstances for a person born and raised in the Bronx, but, in actuality, quite the opposite was true. Most importantly, my family encouraged both my interest and the extensive menagerie that sprung from it. My mother and grandmother somehow found ways to cope with the skunks, flying squirrels, octopus, caimans and countless other odd creatures that routinely arrived un-announced at our front door. Assisting in hand-feeding hatchling praying mantises and in eradicating hoards of mosquitoes (I once thought I had discovered “fresh-water brine shrimp” and stocked my tanks with thousands of mosquito larvae!) became second nature to them. My mother went on to become a serious naturalist, and has helped thousands learn about wildlife in her 16 years as a volunteer at the Bronx Zoo. My grandfather actively conspired in my zoo-buildings efforts, regularly appearing with chipmunks, boa constrictors, turtles rescued from the Fulton Fish Market and, especially, unusual marine creatures. It was his passion for seahorses that led me to write a book about them years later. Thank you very much, for a complete biography of my experience click here.
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