That Reptile Blog » Arachnids

“My Emperor Scorpion Has Babies…What Should I Do”?

Frank Indiviglio — Tue, 30 Apr 2013 19:02:13 +0000

Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. Emperor Scorpions give birth to live young, and most hobbyists are thrilled when this happens.However, scorpion reproduction breaks many of the “rules” that apply to other pets.For example, a female that has been alone for 14 months may one day be found with 30 tiny white youngsters, or “scorplings”, on her back!I’ve written about scorpion breeding and care in detail elsewhere (please see links below), but thought that an article describing what steps one should take when first discovering youngsters would be useful…especially if your female turns out to be a less-than-perfect mom and begins eating her new creations!Please also be sure to post your questions and concerns below, as scorpion births often take owners by surprise, and I’ll be sure to get right back to you.

Predicting Scorpion Births

In the wild, some Emperor Scorpion populations breed seasonally, while others may reproduce year-round.Captives can mate and give birth during any month of the year. Further complicating our ability to predict births is the fact that females seem able to both store sperm and delay giving birth if conditions are not ideal.Environmental factors such as temperature and stress may also affect the youngsters’ development.Even under ideal conditions, the gestation period may exceed 1 year, although a range of 7 to 10 months is more common.

Most female Emperor Scorpions will cease feeding approximately one week before giving birth, and they usually become quite heavy as the young grow.When such females are viewed from above, the carapace segments will be separated by spaces – not abutting one another, as is usual (however, overfed scorpions of either sex may also appear gravid).

Uploaded to Wikipedia Commons by Fusion121

Housing the Female and Her Young

Although wild Emperor Scorpions continue to live with colony members after giving birth, captive mothers often become aggressive towards tank-mates. Therefore, it is best to remove all other scorpions from the terrarium once the youngsters appear.This can be troublesome if you are keeping a large group, but relocating the female is not advisable as this may stress her to the point of consuming her brood.I’ve had females raise their young in group situations in large zoo exhibits, but there were some losses.

The Importance of Shelters

Ideally, the female will have a burrow in which to retreat.This will provide the security she needs while carrying her young. In bare terrariums, the likelihood of cannibalism increases.

In order to be prepared for unexpected births, you should provide your scorpions with a substrate that allows for the creation of deep burrows.Tunnel and burrow walls will remain intact in a slightly moist mix of peat moss, sand, top soil and Eco Earth.If your female gives birth in a tank that is not set-up as described, try adding a commercial cave stocked with moist sphagnum moss.If the substrate is deep enough, bury the cave so that the opening is flush with the surface.

High humidity and moist retreats are especially important for young scorpions, as, unlike the adults, they are prone to desiccation.In especially dry locales, a small reptile fogger may be useful.

Cannibalism

Newborn scorpions are white in color, and remain on their mother’s back until their first molt (photo of female with young is of an unrelated species).If the female is disturbed during this time, she will make very fast defensive movements.Scorplings that are dislodged during such times may quickly be grabbed and eaten.

Therefore, do as little work in the terrarium as possible, limit activity in the area, and resist the impulse to check on your charges.To avoid stings, a long handled forceps should always be used when working in scorpion terrariums; this is especially important when females with young are present. Black or red nocturnal viewing bulbs offer the best way to observe your pet’s night-time activities, as the light emitted is not sensed by scorpions.

Feed your female scorpion heavily after she gives birth, as most will be very hungry and therefore more likely to “snack” on their young.Be sure to remove uneaten crickets and roaches promptly, as they will consume newborn scorpions if given the opportunity.

Uploaded to Wikipedia Commons by Mike Baird

“Bad Moms”

Some females feed upon their young even if conditions are ideal.Most will “sample” one or two of their brood, but if your scorpion seems bent on eliminating her entire clutch, then your best to remove her and rear them yourself.Please post below for further information on separating and caring for young Emperor Scorpions.

Please check out my posts on Twitterand Facebook.Each day, I highlight breaking research, conservation news and interesting stories concerning just about every type of animal imaginable.I look forward to hearing about your interests and experiences as well, and will use them in articles when possible.

Please also post your questions and comments below…I’ll be sure to respond quickly.

Thanks, until next time,

Frank Indiviglio

Further Reading

Emperor Scorpions in the Wild and Captivity

Breeding Emperor Scorpions

Post from: That Reptile Blog

“My Emperor Scorpion Has Babies…What Should I Do”?

The post “My Emperor Scorpion Has Babies…What Should I Do”? appeared first on That Reptile Blog.

The Best Humidity Gauges for Reptile, Amphibian and Invert Habitats

Frank Indiviglio — Mon, 15 Apr 2013 15:06:45 +0000

Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. Like most lifelong animal keepers, I consider myself to be a fairly good judge of humidity levels in the home terrariums and zoo exhibits under my care. But when I began working in new buildings equipped with state-of-the-art hygrometers (humidity gauges), I quickly realized that I had much to learn. I was especially surprised to discover how widely humidity levels can vary within even a small enclosure, and how this can affect every facet of an animal’s life. The accurate, easy-to-use humidity gauges now available offer us the chance to provide better care to our charges and perhaps to uncover important new details about their lives.

Recent Innovations in Humidity Monitoring

Over the past several decades, hobbyists and zoos have greatly expanded the number of rare and delicate species that can be kept and bred in captivity. Many of these successes have been due to an increased understanding of the roles that UVB, temperature, diet and other such factors play in their lives.

Uploaded to Wikipedia Commons by Luc Viatour

Humidity levels have also been taken into account by serious animal owners, but this topic has been given less attention than others. This is partially because many reptiles, and some amphibians and invertebrates, can meet their needs by soaking in a water bowl or retreating to a moist shelter. But the real obstacle has been the unavailability of affordable hygrometers designed for use with animals. Happily, humidity gauges that fit just about every terrarium and budget are now available, and all are very simple to use (since I can do it!).

Areas of Special Concern

While all animals are to some degree affected by humidity levels, certain captives require closer monitoring than others. Humidity levels are crucial when most species are shedding/molting. Scorpions, centipedes, tarantulas, hermit crabs, mantids and other invertebrates easily become, as we say, “stuck in the molt” when humidity levels are too low. While we can sometimes assist them in this situation, most die.

Reptiles and amphibians usually survive dry molts, but problems ranging from fungal/bacterial infections beneath old skin to digit loss and retained eye caps may result. Poison frogs and other small, highly active amphibians, and those that remain in the open when resting, as do most treefrogs, are especially at risk from overly-dry conditions. Please see the articles below for further information on herp and invertebrate shedding concerns.

Humidity plays an important role in activity levels, cutaneous respiration, reproduction, immune system function, skin health and a wide variety of other processes. With so many amphibians in dire need of captive breeding these days, I believe it is critical that we begin to record our observations concerning humidity levels. Please consider using a hygrometer and relaying your thoughts by posting below; I’ll be sure to pass the information along, thanks.

The Zilla Humidity and Temperature Digital Gauge

This is my favorite gauge for average to large terrariums. The separate probes for temperature and humidity attach to the glass via suction cups, allowing for easy movement so that various areas of the terrarium (cave, basking site, etc.) can be monitored. I find the thin, 59 inch-long wires connected to the probes to be especially valuable. In smaller enclosures, the wires can be rolled up and secured with a twist-tie. The unit itself measures only 4 x 1 ½ inches, and is quite unobtrusive. It remains outside the terrarium, and features a built-in stand and a notch for wall mounting.

The Zilla Gauge monitors a humidity range of 10-99% and temperatures from -58 F to 158 F (if your pet requires conditions outside of those ranges, it likely belongs in a zoo!). “Comfort”, “Wet” and “Dry” messages are displayed at certain readings. While these are general in nature and will not apply to all species, many hobbyists find them useful. Temperatures can be displayed in either Fahrenheit or Celsius.

The unit also features an alarm, which can function as a reminder to check the terrarium or administer medications (if you sleep as lightly as I, it might also serve as an alarm clock!).

The Zoo Med Dual Humidity Gauge and Thermometer

Although marketed for use with hermit crabs, this small (3” x 1 ½”) gauge is ideal for small to moderately-sized terrariums housing most any species. Despite being quite inexpensive, it is accurate and stands up well to both damp and hot conditions.

The temperature and humidity levels are displayed side-by-side on brightly-colored, easy-to-read dials. “Dry”, “Optimum” and “Wet” ranges (for hermit crabs) are shown in different colors. The gauge attaches to glass with a sturdy Velcro strip.

Being colorful and simple to read, the Zoo Med Gauge is a great way to introduce youngsters to the concept of monitoring and recording environmental conditions. I plan to present several to my 5-year old nephew (shown here examining his “pet” mosquito larvae, much to his mom’s chagrin!) for use with his fire salamanders and domino roaches.

Please check out my posts on Twitter and Facebook. Each day, I highlight breaking research, conservation news and interesting stories concerning just about every type of animal imaginable. I look forward to hearing about your interests and experiences as well, and will use them in articles when possible.

Please also post your questions and comments below…I’ll be sure to respond quickly.

Thanks, until next time,

Frank Indiviglio

Important Supplies for Pet Tarantulas – a Zoo Keeper’s Notes

Frank Indiviglio — Fri, 12 Apr 2013 15:27:08 +0000

Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. Among the world’s 900+ tarantula species (Family Theraphosidae) we find spiders of every conceivable size, description and lifestyle, some of which make interesting, long-lived pets. I had the chance to work with many during my zoo career, and most of the supplies that I relied upon are now readily available to hobbyists. Whether you are just starting out or looking to add additional species to your collection, the following information will assist in your decision. Please be sure to post any questions or observations about pet tarantulas below.

Housing

Setting up the Terrarium

Tarantulas are best kept in screen-covered aquariums, reptile cages or plastic terrariums. “Extra high” styles are best for Pink-Toed Tarantulas and other arboreal species. Be sure to use cage clips on the cover, as tarantulas can climb glass and are incredibly strong. A 10-15 gallon aquarium is adequate for all but the largest individuals.

Uploaded to Wikipedia Commons by Snakecollector

All tarantulas require a dark hiding spot. Burrowing species such as the Goliath Bird-Eating Spider will dig their own caves if provided deep substrate. Sri Lankan Ornamental Tarantulas and other arboreal species will utilize the underside of an upright piece of cork bark. Most also accept inverted flower pots and plastic reptile caves.

Many tarantulas, especially arboreal species such as the Pink-Toed Tarantula, show themselves to their best advantage in complex, planted terrariums. A wide variety of live plants is suitable for use with tarantulas; please post below for further information.

Substrate

A mix of coconut husk, top soil and peat moss works well for Cameroon Red Tarantulas other rainforest natives. For burrowers such as the Thailand Black Tarantula, add just enough water so that the substrate sticks together when squeezed…keeping it so will help to prevent the burrow’s walls from caving-in.

Tarantulas that are native to arid habitats, such as Mexican Red-Knees, can be kept on a sand-gravel substrate.

Heat

Most tarantulas will thrive at temperatures of 77-86 F (please post below for specific information, as needs vary among the different species).

Red/black reptile night bulbs or ceramic reptile heaters can be used to warm the terrarium. These bulbs will not disturb your spiders and so will allow you to watch their nocturnal activities.

All heat sources will dry out the terrarium, so it is important to monitor humidity (see below)

Humidity

Proper humidity levels are critical to good health, normal activity and successful shedding. Please do not overlook this important facet of tarantula care. A humidity gauge is an essential piece of equipment for the serious tarantula keeper.

Uploaded to Wikipedia Commons by Glen Egebrecht

Tropical forest species such as the Sun Tiger require humidity levels in the range of 75-85%, while Chilean Rose-Haired Tarantulas and others from arid habitats do best at 40-50% humidity. Desert-dwelling tarantulas spend most of their time in burrows, where the humidity is high, and should be provided a cave stocked with damp sphagnum moss.

Humidity can be increased by misting, adding water to the substrate, maintaining a sponge in a bowl of water, utilizing a small reptile humidifier and/or partially covering the terrarium’s lid with plastic (be sure to maintain air flow as well if you use plastic covers; please post below for details).

Tarantulas become lethargic a day or so before shedding their exoskeleton; the terrarium’s humidity should be increased at this time. Most produce a silken mat on which to molt, and complete the process at night, while lying on their sides or backs. Do not attempt to right a tarantula that you find in this position, and do not disturb or feed your pet for several days after it has molted.

Food and Water

Most tarantulas will thrive on a diet comprised of crickets, mealworms and earthworms. I’ve always offered wild-caught insects, roaches, waxworms, and other invertebrates as well, and believe this is key to the long term health and breeding success of some if not all species. Canned grasshoppers and other invertebrates moved about with a long-handled forceps (remember, tarantulas have poor vision and may strike well above the food item – do not risk a bite!) are an excellent source of dietary variety.

Uploaded to Wikipedia Commons by Biomechanoid56

Although wild tarantulas of some species frequently capture frogs, lizards and the occasional small rodent, vertebrate prey is not required for captives. An occasional pre-killed pink mouse may benefit Goliath Bird-Eating Tarantulas, however, especially if breeding is contemplated. These voracious predators will readily accept dead prey moved about with a forceps; live mice should not be offered.

Tarantulas obtain water from their prey, but should also be provided with a shallow water bowl. The enclosure should be misted daily.

Please check out my posts on Twitter and Facebook. Each day, I highlight breaking research, conservation news and interesting stories concerning just about every type of animal imaginable. I look forward to hearing about your interests and experiences as well, and will use them in articles when possible.

Please also post your questions and comments below…I’ll be sure to respond quickly.

Thanks, until next time,

Frank Indiviglio

2012’s New Species – Spiders, Roaches, Millipedes, Wasps – Which is your Favorite?

Frank Indiviglio — Thu, 03 Jan 2013 19:35:36 +0000

Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. Invertebrate enthusiasts have learned to expect the discovery of fantastic new species on a regular basis. But even old timers such as I were shocked by some that came to light this past year. Large, claw-bearing Cave Robber Spiders, giant bio-luminescent roaches, brilliant arboreal tarantulas, neon-colored freshwater crabs, dive-bombing wasps…the list boggles the mind. Today I’ll highlight a few that have entranced me; please post your own favorites (whether covered here or not) below.

Cave Robber Spider, Trogloraptor marchingtoni

The Cave Robber Spider, arguably 2012’s most “otherworldly” discovery, turned up in a place not known for hiding unseen species – southwestern Oregon. In fact, not a single new spider has been described in the USA in the past 130 years.

Surprisingly, the Cave Robber is not a tiny, non-descript creature likely to be missed by all but the most passionate (“obsessed”?) of arachnologists. Rather, its legs span 3 inches, the pedipalps sport bulbous, fang-like projections, and it has 8 sharp, hooked claws that have been seen on no other of the world’s other 40,000+ spiders (please see photo). Furthermore, Cave Robbers have now also been found outside of caves, in several Oregon and California old growth forests. How could such a beast have been missed!?

Possibly related to the primitive Goblin Spiders, the Cave Robber is so unique that a new family, Trogloraptoridae, has been created for it. Little is known of its natural history and, unfortunately, captives have so far refused to feed.

Dive Bombing Wasp, Kallasoma sentum

Another of my favorites also hails from a country not known as an unseen species hotspot. Discovered in Spain, the minute Dive Bombing Wasp buzzes about just above “ant head level”, looking for a victim. Upon finding a target, the wasp swoops and, in 0.052 seconds, deposits a single egg on the ant. Its larvae later use the ant as a mobile meal. Ants try to repel the airborne attacks but, as you can see from this spectacular video, they are rarely successful.

The tiny wasp’s apparent reliance on a single ant species, and habitat loss, threaten its future.

Arboreal Brazilian Tarantulas, Iridopelma, Pachistopelma and Typhochlaena spps.

Arachnologists suspect that Brazil’s Amazonian rainforests support many undiscovered tarantulas, but recently 9 new species were uncovered in the country’s semi-deciduous Atlantic Forests and Cerrado, a vast wooded savanna. These habitats were not expected to yield such an array of new spiders, all of which are boldly-marked and arboreal.

The new members of the genus Pachistopelma, the least-studied of all tarantula genera, seem to live only in plants known as Tank Bromeliads. There they ambush insects that are attracted to water that collects at the bromeliads’ bases. Among the newly-described species (genus Typhochaena) we also find the world’s smallest arboreal tarantulas. Please see the article below for natural history information and photographs.

Giant Glowing Roach, Lucihormetica luchae

This unusual insect was first described from a single specimen collected over 70 years ago. Glowing patches on the roach’s body lead predators to confuse with a toxic click beetle. While several roaches gain protection by mimicking noxious beetles (i.e. the popularly-kept Domino Roach) no others, and indeed no other terrestrial animals, do so via bioluminescence.

Unfortunately, the Giant Glowing Roach may already be extinct. It’s only known habitat was leveled when Ecuador’s Tungurahua Volcano exploded in 2010, and it has not been seen since.

Wandering Leg Sausage Millipede, Crurifarcimen vagans

The creature with this fanciful name hails from Tanzania’s Usambura Mountains, a region well known to tarantula enthusiasts and “new species hunters”. Although at 7 inches long this millipede is not the world’s largest, a very stout body and rusty-orange color renders it a most impressive beast (please see article below). Africa’s newest millipede dwells in decaying logs and has been found at 5,000+ feet above sea level.

Palawan Purple Crab, Insulamon palawanense

Freshwater crabs represent a huge evolutionary leap, and have very unusual lifestyles. I’ve kept several species, but interest in zoos and the pet trade is not high. This year, however, the discovery of 4 stunningly-beautiful freshwater crabs has drawn some attention to the group. All were found on Palawan, a Philippine island where over 50% of the resident species are endemic. Clad in “screaming” neon-violet and sporting red-tipped claws, the Palawan Purple Crab is a sight to behold…don’t miss its photo in the article below!

Palawan’s unique freshwater prawns are slated for further study as well.

Other Recently-Discovered Insects and Spiders

A number of other fascinating creatures have made invertebrate headlines in the recent past. Perhaps most incredible is the huge, semi-aquatic, flesh-eating Venezuelan Cave Cricket, Hydrolutos breweri. Found 2 miles into Cueva Charles Brewer, it has been described as swimming by using the front legs in breast-stroke fashion, and its jaws would give pause to even the most dedicated insect collector! One-of-a-kind footage of this astonishing creature in its natural habitat is provided by this video.

Other interesting new finds include a grasshopper-like cockroach and an ant-mimicking jumping spider with enormous fangs.

Many, many other new invertebrates have been described in recent years…please let me know your favorites by posting below.

Please check out my posts on Twitter and Facebook. Each day, I highlight breaking research, conservation news and interesting stories concerning just about every type of animal imaginable. I look forward to hearing about your interests and experiences as well, and will use them in articles when possible.

Please also post your questions and comments below…I’ll be sure to respond quickly.

Thanks, until next time,

Frank Indiviglio

Jumping Spiders – Captive Care, New Species and a Surprise (They Watch Videos!)

Frank Indiviglio — Tue, 18 Dec 2012 15:04:02 +0000

Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. As a bug-hunting child, I was once startled to come upon a housefly that appeared to be walking on its hind legs. Closer inspection revealed that the unfortunate insect was being carried in a head-up position by a Jumping Spider. I was aware that a variety of these brilliantly-colored little beasts inhabited my Bronx neighborhood, and became interested in how they managed to capture such elusive prey without a web. I began reading and collecting, and was soon fascinated by their keen eyesight and cat-like stalking techniques. They would follow my finger, leap on a feathers pulled by a string, and even display to a mirrors.

I’ve recently learned that biologists are showing videos to Jumping Spiders in an attempt to learn more about their remarkable eyes (which allow for forward, backward, an sideways vision simultaneously), and that a new ant-mimicking Jumping Spider with enormous fangs has turned up in Borneo. I’ll highlight this new information below, and review their natural history and captive care.

A 360 Degree Field of Vision

Animals that are on the menus of other creatures generally have eyes set well back and to the sides of their heads. This arrangement gives mice, deer and others a wide field of vision, with the only bind spots being well to their rear. Predators, such as foxes and hawks, usually have forward-facing eyes, to allow for accurate focusing on prey.

Jumping Spiders, which are both predator and prey, take vision a step further. Research recently published in the journal Royal Society Biology Letters establishes that their eye placement and function allows for a field of vision that is very close to 360 degrees. In effect, Jumping Spiders can see directly behind their bodies, to all sides, and forwards – simultaneously! In lab experiments, the spiders watched both videos and people’s actions with apparent interest (I’m not sure how much they understood, but then again I miss a lot as well!). As most spiders see very little in the way of detail, these advanced abilities are quite surprising.

A Unique Visual System

University of Massachusetts researchers discovered that the retinas of the 2 principal eyes are shaped like boomerangs. These retinas rest in tubes located within the spiders’ heads. By moving these tubes, Jumping Spiders can scan a very wide area about the body. This method of visualizing the environment has not been previously recorded. The principal eyes also see color and detect ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light enhances the spiders’ colors, and plays a role in species recognition and courtship.

Six secondary eyes, located on the sides and rear of the head, detect motion and detail, and also allow the spiders to see objects directly behind the body.

Future Research

Researchers hope that further study will reveal how Jumping Spider brains process visual images, knowledge that may offer insights into the workings of our own eyes and brains.

Natural History

The Jumping Spider family, Salticidae, is the spider world’s largest. Nearly 5,000 species have been described, and many more, no doubt, await discovery. Jumping Spiders may be found in habitats ranging from rainforests and deserts to cities and seashores. I’ve collected several species, each varying in color and size, within NYC.

Hunting Techniques

I’ve always been fascinated by those Jumping Spiders known as “ant mimics”. Their bodies have an insect-like “waist”, and they move about with jerky steps, in imitation of their favorite food. Some even hold the front pair of legs upright, so that they seem to bear antennae! Thus disguised, they are able to approach ants without being attacked. I imagine the spiders also gain some protection from predators by being associated with ant colonies. Please see this article for photos of an amazing, huge-jawed ant mimic recently discovered in Borneo.

In addition to stalking their prey with cat-like stealth, Jumping Spiders utilize other hunting styles. Several have been observed to take detours when moving in on a potential meal. Amazingly, these detours sometimes place the spiders in positions where they cannot see the insect being stalked. Whether “planning” or memory comes into play is not yet known.

Several Jumping Spiders specialize in capturing web-building spiders, inducing their prey into striking range by vibrating webs in imitation of a trapped insect. Some even rappel into webs on silk strands!

Small Legs, Long Leaps

Unlike the large rear legs of grasshoppers and other notable jumpers, those of Jumping Spiders are smaller than the front legs. Rather than relying upon muscle strength, Jumping Spiders utilize hydraulic pressure to facilitate their amazing leaps.

Jumping Spiders in Captivity

I cannot understand why so few spider enthusiasts keep these fascinating creatures. Active by day and extremely bold, Jumping Spiders will reveal much about their lifestyles in small, simple enclosures. In contrast to nearly every other spider, they will follow your movements with interest. The colors and mating dances of the males are thrilling to observe, and captive breeding is possible. Please post questions below if you would like detailed information on their care.

Jumping Spiders are not known to be dangerously toxic, but should not be handled as their venoms are not well-studied. Spiders can be gently nudged into a plastic container via tongs when being collected or transported.

Jumping Spider fans may also be interested in keeping the Giant Crab or Huntsman Spider (Heteropoda venatoria), a species I’ve collected and bred over many years; please see this article for further information.

Please check out my posts on Twitter and Facebook. Each day, I highlight breaking research, conservation news and interesting stories concerning just about every type of animal imaginable. I look forward to hearing about your interests and experiences as well, and will use them in articles when possible.

Please also post your questions and comments below…I’ll be sure to respond quickly.

Thanks, until next time,

Frank Indiviglio

Reptiles, Amphibians, Tarantulas among “World’s 100 Rarest Species”

Frank Indiviglio — Wed, 28 Nov 2012 15:17:47 +0000

Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. A unique list of species facing imminent extinction was released by the Zoological Society of London at the recent (September, 2012) World Conservation Congress in Jeju, South Korea. As a former member of several IUCN Species Survival Commissions, I was eager to learn the current thinking on the world’s most threatened creatures. I’ll summarize below…any opinions you may have concerning “passed over” species would be most appreciated (please post below).

I’ve worked with several animals given the dubious honor of “World’s Rarest”, including the Batagur Turtle and Jamaican Iguana, and was heartened to see that zoos and private individuals are still contributing mightily to their protection. However, many of listed species are poorly-studied, and draw few supporters. Unfortunately, two such creatures that I’ve cared for in the past – the Chittenango Ovate Amber Snail and the Tanzanian Spray Toad – are now extinct in the wild.

Worthless or Priceless?

Eight thousand IUCN-based biologists contributed to the report. I was pleased to see that the animals, plants and fungi highlighted provide no readily apparent benefits to humankind. While economic value is an important factor that often spurs action, I think we also need to drive home the point that each species has intrinsic worth, and that all extinctions negatively affect us in some way.

The Pet Trade

Some of the creatures designated as “Most Threatened”, such as the Ploughshare Tortoise, have been both harmed by over-collection and helped by hobbyists who focus on captive reproduction. The Luristan Newt and Peacock Paradise Spider, largely ignored early-on by zoos, are now regularly bred in private collections.

The Threats

While well-known problems such as habitat loss, over-collection, and introduced species continue to plague wildlife, some rarities are threatened for other reasons.

Bullock’s False Toad, for example, is disappearing due to stream alterations undertaken to provide power. Despite extensive surveys, this Chilean amphibian has been seen only twice since 1992. Invasive plants have destroyed the Table Mountain Ghost Frog’s habitat, declining water quality has nearly wiped out the Singapore Freshwater Crab and coral reef destruction threatens the Leaf Scaled Sea Snake’s future.

Following are details for several of the listed species. I’ve focused on those with which I have been involved; you can read the full report here.

Ploughshare Tortoise or Angonoka, Astrochelys yniphora

Although international efforts reduced earlier threats from meat hunters and loggers, pet trade collection continues unabated. The Bronx Zoo received numerous confiscations of Ploughshare Tortoises in the 80’s and 90’s, and there have been recent thefts from Malagasy conservation facilities. Apparently, only one viable wild population remains.

Tarzan’s Chameleon, Calumma tarzan

The three rainforest patches that comprise this species’ entire range measure only 6.2 square miles in total! This brilliant yellow and green Madagascar endemic is protected, but logging roads are being built near its habitat.

Dusky Gopher Frog, Lithobates sevosus

The only US herp on the list, the Dusky Gopher Frog is limited to 6 square miles of habitat in Mississippi. Hopefully, some of what we learned about the captive breeding of close relatives will benefit this frog before its time runs out.

Luristan Newt, Neurergus kaiseri

Impressed by the efforts of several dedicated amphibian enthusiasts, I and others tried, without success, to interest zoos in keeping these amazing animals when they first appeared in the USA. Brilliantly clad in black, orange and white, Luristan Newts were an immediate hit among private hobbyists, and captive breeding followed. But they face severe threats in the wild. Native to only 3 streams in Iran, dams, introduced fish, droughts, and illegal collection may doom the remaining free-living individuals.

Red River Giant Soft-shelled Turtle, Rafetus swinhoei

This species may be down to four individuals, two of which reside in China’s Suzhou Zoo. Legendary herpetologist Peter Pritchard has long been involved in Giant Softshell conservation, and I’ve had the good fortune of speaking with him on the subject. I learned that the outlook is grim – efforts to breed the captive pair, initiated in 2008, have not yet been successful. Sadly, despite recent international attention given this turtle’s plight, a wild individual captured in 2010 would up in the food trade.

The Giant Softshell may top 250 pounds in weight, but, being highly aquatic, is difficult to survey; some hope remains (in me, at any rate!) that undiscovered specimens still inhabit the extensive natural range.

Other Listed Species

The “World’s Rarest” are a fantastic group of creatures, many of which are unknown even to experts. Several, such as the Hula Painted Frog, were believed extinct until recently rediscovered. From the Geometric Tortoise to the Rio Pescado Stubfoot Toad, all hold secrets, and all face a dark future. Please see the article below for detailed information on each.

What’s Next…What Can I Do?

I can attest, from personal experience, that “last-ditch” efforts have averted extinctions. While the Ovate Snails and Spray Toads mentioned earlier now survive only in captivity, others, including the Arabian Oryx and Black-Footed Ferret, have been reintroduced to the wild. The current valiant efforts of zoos and private hobbyists to rescue Southeast Asia’s turtles (please see this article) are responsible for keeping several species from disappearing forever.

So don’t lose hope. Support responsible conservation programs in any way you can – please post here if you would like specific information on how to do this – and don’t forget to list those species that concern you most; after all, far more than 100 are in dire need of out help.

Please check out my posts on Twitter and Facebook. Each day, I highlight breaking research, conservation news and interesting stories concerning just about every type of animal imaginable. I look forward to hearing about your interests and experiences as well, and will use them in articles when possible.

Please also post your questions and comments below…I’ll be sure to respond quickly.

Thanks, until next time,

Frank Indiviglio

Halloween Creatures – Orange Crabs, Ghost Frogs, Vampires, Goblins…

Frank Indiviglio — Tue, 30 Oct 2012 15:34:38 +0000

Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. Herp and invertebrate enthusiasts are never at a loss for frightening, even “ghoulish” (to “regular” people) stories. With Halloween just around the corner, I’d like to highlight some creatures whose names or habits associate them with this holiday. Some, such as Thailand’s fanged, bird-eating frog and the skin-feeding Caecilian, are relatively new discoveries. I’ve taken the liberty of extending beyond our usual subjects to include a parrot-eating bat and the well-named Goblin Shark.

Halloween Crab, Gecarcinus quadratus

Bright orange color and brilliant “eye-spots” on a round carapace lend this crab a pumpkin-like appearance. Highly terrestrial, it lives along forest edges from Mexico to southern South America, returning to the sea only to reproduce. Studies have shown that Halloween Crabs recycle vast quantities of dead leaves, acting as the “earthworms” of their ecosystems.

I’ve kept Halloween Crabs in zoo exhibits for years, and couldn’t resist purchasing a few at a recent reptile expo. They make interesting terrarium subjects, and often give up their nocturnal ways to forage by day. Please post a comment below if you would like information on their care.

Ming’ori (Skin-Eating) Caecilian, Boulengerula taitana

Caecilians are the least-studied of the amphibians, so surprises are to be expected as we learn more about them. But even seasoned herpetologists were shocked by what can only be described as the “nightmarish” feeding behavior of this species. Young Ming’oris feed upon their mother’s skin, which is re-grown every few days. The feeding frenzy exhibited by these savage, legless amphibians is difficult to believe…but you can see it in the video linked below!

False Vampire Bat, Megaderma lyra

I’ve worked with True Vampire Bats in captivity, and have slept beneath nets to avoid their “attention” in the tropics…but they are, in reality, very shy. Not so the massive False Vampire Bat, which swoops out of the night to carry off mice, frogs, birds and smaller bats (Australia’s Spectral Bat has similar habits, please see photo).

I missed the chance to see this amazing predator while working in Costa Rica, but did find a hollow tree where one roosted. The floor below was littered with parrot feathers and frog skulls. Shortly thereafter, one of our resident Amazon Parrots disappeared overnight, and many suspected that a False Vampire was the culprit. You can read about this incident here.

Thailand Fanged Frog, Limnonectes megastomias

Horned and African Bullfrogs are well known for using their tooth-like odontoid processes (extensions of the jaw bone) to inflict wounds on careless owners. But a recently-discovered frog in Thailand sports even longer “teeth”, and uses them to ambush a unique food – birds! Males also employ the teeth to slash at one another during mating disputes. You can see a photo of their 2-inch-long weapons in the article linked below.

Fire Salamander, Salamandra salamandra

This brilliantly-colored salamander was rarely seen by people, as it stayed within dead logs save for rainy nights. When logs were burned for fuel, the salamanders emerged, seemingly “from the fire”, and crawled away. In time, Fire Salamanders became associated with witchcraft, and are likely the species people had in mind when telling of “witches’ brews” (their skin toxins do contain a complex mixture of unique chemicals…maybe these were “sampled”?).

Fire Salamanders make very personable pets, being far more responsive than many amphibians. My pair is nearly 18 years old, and others have kept them for over 5 decades. Please see this article for further information.

Camel Spiders or Windscorpions (Order Solifugae) and Tailless Whipscorpions, Damon variegatus

Neither spiders nor scorpions, these arachnids are an arachnophobe’s nightmare. In their natural habitat, the diurnal Windscorpions have the unnerving habit of following people so as to stay in their shadow. This, and their ragged, out-sized jaws (see photo) render them quite “un-loved” – to say the least! Tailless Whipscorpions are more secretive, but their immense pinchers give pause to even the most die-hard arachnid enthusiasts.

Both make interesting terrarium subjects for those with some experience. Please see these articles on Windscorpions to learn more.

Goblin Shark, Mitsukurina owstoni

The huge, extendible jaws of this deep sea predator, and the odd muscle that sucks food towards them, seem to have sprung from the imagination of a science fiction writer (please see photo). Living at depths of 600 – 4,000+ feet, the Goblin Shark has been found in far-flung locations; little is known of its natural history.

Rose’s Ghost Frog, Heleophrynidae rosei

Nothing scary about this little fellow…except for the fact that it lives only within several miles of habitat on South Africa’s Table Mountain, and is in rapid decline! Ghost Frogs are the most ancient of the “modern” Anurans, having diverged from their closest relatives some 160 million years ago. Large toe pads and extra skin folds (for oxygen absorption) suit the Ghost Frog for life near fast-moving streams. Its eggs have never been found.

Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis

As a child, I was fascinated by this heaviest of North America’s salamanders, and couldn’t imagine why grown men considered it “from hell” and would reportedly cut a fishing line rather than reel one in. Years later, I had the good fortune to work with Hellbenders, and even to see their 5-foot-long relative, the Japanese Giant Salamander, in its native land. I wonder what reaction this behemoth would cause in the average angler!

Please check out my posts on Twitter and Facebook. Each day, I highlight breaking research, conservation news and interesting stories concerning just about every type of animal imaginable. I look forward to hearing about your interests and experiences as well, and will use them in articles when possible.

Please also post your questions and comments below…I’ll be sure to respond quickly.

Thanks, until next time,

Frank Indiviglio

Crickets and Carotenoids – Study Examines Cricket Nutrient Levels

Frank Indiviglio — Wed, 11 Jul 2012 14:31:05 +0000

Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. Captive insect-eating reptiles and amphibians (and perhaps invertebrates) are often plagued by nutritional deficiencies. A highly-varied diet is a great way to ensure adequate nutrition, but most keepers have access to only a few feeder-insect species; gut-loading (providing nutritious diets to feeders) is helpful, but detailed studies are lacking. While touring several Japanese zoos a few years ago, I was intrigued by the number of cricket species being bred as herp food, and resolved to investigate the species and diets I saw in greater detail. A recent article in Zoo Biology (2011, V. 30), which provides insights into carotenoid supplementation in three different cricket species, has re-sparked my interest. I’ll summarize below.

Carotenoids

Carotenoids are pigments that occur in plants. Animals, as far as is known, cannot manufacture carotenoids but rather must obtain them through their diet.

Carotenoids benefit the immune system by acting as antioxidants, function in the reproductive and other systems, and are believed partially responsible for the health benefits enjoyed by people who regularly consume fruits and vegetables. We know little of their role in reptile and amphibian health, but many zoo nutritionists believe them to be important.

Diets Tested

Three cricket diets were examined in the Zoo Biology study: wheat/wheat germ, fish food flakes and fresh fruits/vegetables.

As might be expected, crickets that were fed fruits and vegetables proved to have the highest carotenoid levels.

The fish flake diet resulted in intermediate carotenoid levels, with the lowest levels being seen in crickets feeding upon wheat germ.

These results held true for all 3 cricket species tested.

Cricket Species

Three species of crickets were used in the study.

The Domestic, Brown or House Cricket, Acheta domesticus, the species most commonly used for pet food in the USA, is native to southwestern Asia but is now established nearly worldwide.

The Tropical or Decorated House Cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus, is not commonly seen in the trade, but is worth more attention. Hailing from Southern Europe, Africa and Asia, it is now established in Florida (surprise, surprise!), southeastern Texas, Louisiana and several nearby states. The Tropical House Cricket bears tiny wings and therefore contains less indigestible matter than other species. Like the other popular crickets, it breeds year-round when kept warm.

The Two-Spotted or Mediterranean Field Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, resembles G. veletis and some other American Field Crickets, but is larger and “meatier” (please see photo). However, it is equipped with powerful mandibles, so caution is warranted. Commonly used by European and Asian keepers, it is not often seen in the US. Japanese keepers informed me that the males fight savagely, but a single male can accommodate many females. It has also been reported as feral in Florida and Texas.

In the Zoo Biology study, Mediterranean Field Crickets achieved higher carotenoid concentrations (on all diets) than did Domestic or House Crickets. No species retained carotenoids for very long, so the timing of feeding is important, and bears further study.

Other Crickets and Grasshoppers

The world’s 20,000+ species of crickets, katydids, grasshoppers, locusts and their relatives (order Orthoptera) provide exciting opportunities for those interested in herp nutrition. Many of the 1,000+ species native to the USA are easy to collect and rear. Breeding is not as simple, especially for temperate species that need a period of dormancy, but well-worth investigating. Please see this article for further information on collecting and rearing native species, and write me with your ideas and experiences.

Some Orthopterans, such as the various wetas (please see photo), are among the world’s heaviest insects, and seem capable of being more herp predator than herp food!

In response to a virus that threatened House Cricket supplies, commercial breeders have begun working with the Jamaican House Cricket, Gryllus assimilis. Adults are equipped with formidable mandibles capable of breaking human skin and injuring various pets. Their use requires careful consideration…please see the article below and write in for further information.

Please check out my posts on Twitter and Facebook. Each day, I highlight breaking research, conservation news and interesting stories concerning just about every type of animal imaginable. I look forward to hearing about your interests and experiences as well, and will use them in articles when possible.

Please also post your questions and comments below…I’ll be sure to respond quickly.

Thanks, until next time,

Frank Indiviglio

“Dangerous” Insects and Invertebrates…and Why We Need Them!

Frank Indiviglio — Wed, 20 Jun 2012 16:41:04 +0000

Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. “If insects were to vanish, the environment would collapse into chaos”. Expounding on this statement, noted entomologist E. O. Wilson went on to explain that, without insects and other invertebrates (animals without backbones), all life would grind to a halt. Yet while many pollinate plants, provide us with medicines and are otherwise helpful, others are dangerously venomous, spread disease, and consume valuable crops. But as we’ll see, harmful invertebrates are in the minority, and even they hold secrets that can be of immense value to humankind.

Astonishing Diversity

Mammals, birds and other well-known vertebrates comprise only 5% of the world’s animals…the balance is made up of insects, spiders, crabs, mites and an unimaginable diversity of other invertebrates.

Estimated at 30 million species, insects are the largest invertebrate group. To put their numbers in context, consider this – the weight of insects in most African rainforests exceeds that of all resident vertebrates combined! This statement takes into account such huge mammals as forest elephants and gorillas, and the incredibly numerous bats and rodents! Insects are abundant outside the tropics as well – an acre of Pennsylvania soil may hold 425 million individuals, while New York is home to over 4,125 beetle species.

Yet barely 1% of the 1.75 million species described so far qualify as “pests”.

Who Needs Leeches?

Leeches, reviled as blood-sucking parasites, have been utilized medically since 1,000 BC. Today, millions are used annually to stimulate blood flow to transplants, and they are more effective than conventional medicines in preventing coagulation and encouraging blood vessel growth. Hirudin, a genetically engineered leech anticoagulant, is in use in hospitals worldwide, and their secretions have yielded heart and pain medications.

Not all leeches are “vampires”…many of the world’s 650+ species feed upon other invertebrates (photo shows a leech attacking a slug).

City Bugs: Roaches are not the whole story!

When we think of the insects inhabiting large cities, houseflies, Pharaoh ants, cockroaches and other noxious pests usually come to mind. But here too, surprises are in store.

Growing up in NYC, I was captivated by it’s diversity of insect life. In time, I learned that over 2,000 species (many of which I’ve collected!), make their home there. The vast majority, including approximately 200 species of bees, 500 of butterflies and moths, and 15 of dragonflies, are beneficial. Other useful NYC invertebrates include nearly 300 types of spiders and numerous centipedes, a new species of which was discovered in Central Park in 2002.

A wonderful account of citified insect life is given in the book A Lot of Insects, by Frank Lutz (G P Putnam’s Sons: 1941).

“Good” Flies?

Surely we can all agree that flies are harmful, or at best useless. Again, not true…most of the world’s 250,000+ species seem innocuous, and many are helpful.

Nearly all 6,000 hover flies (Syrphidae) are important pollinators, and their larvae are used commercially to battle aphids and other crop pests. North America’s 1,000+ robber fly species prey upon injurious flies and grasshoppers (please see photo). Flies also find use in forensic entomology, helping investigators gain valuable insights into circumstances surrounding unexplained deaths.

Think before you kill a Spider…

Less than 1% of the world’s 40,000+ spider species harbor venom that is dangerous to people…in the USA, more people are killed by falling vending machines than by spiders. The most notorious species, Australia’s funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus), has not caused a fatality since the introduction of antivenin in 1981. On the other hand, medicinally valuable compounds isolated from spider venom have saved untold numbers of people, and many more are expected as research progresses.

Harmful flies comprise over 60% of the diet of some web-building spiders. Amazingly, the weight of the insects consumed yearly by spiders in New Zealand likely exceeds that of the island’s human population!

Those Wonderful Termites

Termites are universally despised, yet only 10% of the estimated 4,000+ species attack human structures. A number eat no wood at all, relying instead upon dead vegetation.

Termites are important decomposers, and by consuming so much surface litter they limit the severity of fires and release the nutrients held within millions of tons of fallen trees, creating soil and increasing its fertility in the process. Bioreactors modeled on termites may someday produce energy from trees and other renewable resources. The defensive spray of cathedral termites contains novel antibacterial agents.

Do Mites Deserve any Praise?

Few people think well of mites, yet we know very little about the 45,000+ species described to date. While some attack crops and transmit disease, others are raised commercially for use in controlling crop pests. Mites are especially valuable in this role, as they can be used to battle tiny plant pests that few predators attack. Using chemical cues, predatory mites quickly locate harmful species that are invisible to the human eye, and can keep up with their high reproductive capabilities.

Please check out my posts on Twitter and Facebook. Each day, I highlight breaking research, conservation news and interesting stories concerning just about every type of animal imaginable. I look forward to hearing about your interests and experiences as well, and will use them in articles when possible.

Please also post your questions and comments below…I’ll be sure to respond quickly.

Thanks, until next time,

Frank Indiviglio

Pet-Safe Cricket and Roach Control for Reptile and Amphibian Owners

Frank Indiviglio — Tue, 01 May 2012 18:13:37 +0000

Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. Almost every zoo building in which I’ve worked was home to roach (2-3 species) and House Cricket populations. In most, pesticide use was not an option. An older animal keeper whom I befriended let me in on his favorite insect pest control technique – the molasses trap. He was content to let management wonder how he did such a good job so, out of respect for him, I did not share the secret until he retired. Then, for a time, molasses traps became standard in several zoo buildings. Molasses is also useful in outdoor traps, where it never fails to turn up a variety of interesting species. I’ll expand on that below as well.

Pesticide Problems

House Crickets, roaches and other escaped “feeder insects” can be problematic in private collections. In the damp basements favored by amphibian keepers, Spotted Camel Crickets (Ceuthophilus maculatus, please see photo) may also set up housekeeping. These unusual creatures are very interesting in their own right, and I’ve featured them, and a large African relative, in several exhibits. However, most folks find their size, appearance and jumping abilities quite unsettling (please see comments in the article linked below – insect fans will find them very interesting!).

Crickets usually succumb to appropriate pesticides, but roaches often develop immunities. In any event, sprayed pesticides are dangerous to both people and their animal collections. Powders and baits also have downsides. Insects travel widely, and while doing so may track powder-based pesticides into terrariums or across supplies (roaches moving between cages have been implicated in the spread of Salmonella in several zoo-based studies). Those that enter enclosures may be consumed by insectivorous pets, raising the danger of secondary poisoning.

Using Molasses Traps

A molasses trap is simply a jar or other container partially filled with molasses and leaned against a wall or other surface that provides access. Molasses’ scent apparently carries far, and is irresistible to many insects; certainly it draws crickets and roaches very quickly. I’ve even sat in the dark in various zoo holding areas to watch the effects of a molasses trap, and was amazed at how rapidly insects responded. Those that enter the trap sink into the molasses and perish in “La Brea Tar Pit style”.

If a rough wall or other climbable surface is not handy, simply wrap a rag around the molasses container so that insects are able to scale its sides. Armed only with this simple technique, I’ve rid quite sizable exhibits, holding rooms and basements of established roach and cricket populations.

Glue Traps

Molasses can also be used to lure roaches and crickets onto glue traps, but most remain alive for some time. Killing the trapped insects, as I preferred to do when glue traps were in use, is very time consuming. Molasses jars eliminate this concern.

Ants

Interestingly, ants (at least Pharaoh Ants and other species I’ve had experience with) seem easily able to evade death-by-molasses. I’ve watched them hang onto the sides of a jar and eat their fill, then simply back up, turn around, and head off to distribute the treat among their colony-mates! I’m sure that someone more imaginative than I can tweak the technique and render it effective against ants…please write in if you have any thoughts on this and I’ll be sure to share your ideas with other readers.

Observing and Collecting Native Insects

Molasses, especially if mixed with beer, will attract a wide variety of beetles, moths, bees, wasps and other insects. Entomologists have long used it to sample wild populations, occasionally discovering a new species in the process. If allowed access to the bait, as described above, the insects will perish. If you wish to collect living insects, install a cloth or fine screen barrier above the bait.

I’ve painted molasses on tree trunks, and was usually rewarded with an array of interesting visitors, including (in NY) several long-horned beetles and moths that were new to me. Please see the Mississippi Entomological Museum article below for detailed (detailed as in “which type of Keebler cookie is best for specific ant species”!) bait and trapping ideas.

The Zoo Med Bug Napper is a light-based trap that can be used to collect moths, beetles, crane flies and other flying insects.

Please check out my posts on Twitter and Facebook. Each day, I highlight breaking research, conservation news and interesting stories concerning just about every type of animal imaginable. I look forward to hearing about your interests and experiences as well, and will use them in articles when possible.

Please also post your questions and comments below…I’ll be sure to respond quickly.

Thanks, until next time,

Frank Indiviglio